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Patrias K, author; Wendling D, editor. Citing Medicine: The NLM Style Guide for Authors, Editors, and Publishers [Internet]. 2nd edition. Bethesda (MD): National Library of Medicine (US); 2007-.
Created: October 10, 2007 ; Last Update: May 18, 2018 .
Journals are a particular type of periodical. These same rules and examples can be used for magazines and other types of periodicals.
A. Journal Articles
B. Parts of Journal Articles
C. Entire Journal Titles
The general format for a reference to a journal article, including punctuation:
By tradition, the rules for formatting references to journal articles permit greater abbreviation compared to books:
Journal references omit information on place of publication and publisher, whereas book references carry these details.
The words "volume" and "number" (or their abbreviations) are usually omitted when citing journal articles, but are included when citing books.
Journal titles are abbreviated; book titles are not.This brevity in citing journal articles stems from the need to conserve space in printed bibliographies and the early databases.
Following are some important points concerning citing journal articles:
Cite the journal name that was used at the time of publication. For example, the British Medical Journal officially changed title to BMJ in 1988. Cite articles from 1987 and earlier as Br Med J, not BMJ.
Cite the version you saw. For example, do not cite the print version if you have used the Internet one.
Do not include a header, such as "news", "case report", or "clinical study", as part of the article title, unless the table of contents for the journal issue indicates that it is.
Use caution when employing typography, such as bold type and italics, to indicate parts of a journal article citation. Too many variations in type styles may actually make the reference harder to read.
The source for journal title, volume, issue, and date information is, in order of preference: (1) the title page of the issue, (2) the issue cover, and (3) the masthead. Running headers or footers may not carry the official title of a journal and date and issue information may be missing from these locations.
Components/elements are listed in the order they should appear in a reference. An R after the component name means that it is required in the citation; an O after the name means it is optional.
Capitalize surnames and enter spaces within surnames as they appear in the document cited on the assumption that the author approved the form used. For example: Van Der Horn or van der Horn; De Wolf or de Wolf or DeWolf.
Convert given (first) names and middle names to initials, for a maximum of two initials following each surname
Give all authors, regardless of the number Separate author names from each other by a comma and a space End author information with a periodSurnames with hyphens and other punctuation in them.
Other surname rules.
Given names containing punctuation, a prefix, a preposition, or particle.
Degrees, titles, and honors before or after a personal name.
Designations of rank in a family, such as Jr and III.
Names in non-roman alphabets (Cyrillic, Greek, Arabic, Hebrew, Korean) or character-based languages (Chinese, Japanese).
Organizations as author.
No author can be found.
Options for author names.
Begin with the department and name of the institution, followed by city and state/Canadian province/country
Use commas to separate parts of the affiliationPlace the affiliation in parentheses, such as (Department of Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA)
Separate the affiliation from its author by a spaceFollow the affiliation with a comma placed outside the closing parenthesis, unless it is the affiliation of the last author, then use a period
Abbreviations in affiliations.
E-mail address included.
Organizational names not in English.
Names for cities and countries not in English.
Capitalize only the first word of a title, proper nouns, proper adjectives, acronyms, and initialisms
Use a colon followed by a space to separate a title from a subtitle, unless some other form of punctuation (such as a question mark, period, or an exclamation point) is already present
Translate non-English titles into English; place the translation in square bracketsEnd a title with a period unless a question mark or exclamation point already ends it or an Article Type follows it
Article titles not in English.
Article titles in more than one language.
Translated article titles ending in punctuation other than a period.
Article titles containing a Greek letter, chemical formula, or another special character.
Article titles with headers.
No article title can be found.
An article type alerts the user that the reference is to an abstract of an article or a letter to the editor, not a full article. Content designator is another phrase for this.
Place [abstract] or [letter] after the article titleOther article types are also available though used less often, such as book review, editorial, or interview
Follow the bracketed article type with a period placed outside the closing bracketArticles titles ending in punctuation other than a period.
Article titles not in English.
Cite the journal name that was used at the time of publication. For example, the British Medical Journal officially changed title to BMJ in 1988. Cite articles from 1987 and earlier as Br Med J, not BMJ.
Abbreviate significant words in a journal title (see Abbreviation rules for journal titles) and omit other words, such as articles, conjunctions, and prepositions
Capitalize all remaining title words, including abbreviationsEnd the journal title with a period unless an Edition or a Type of Medium is included, then use a space
Abbreviation rules for journal titles.
Single word journal titles.
Non-English journal titles.
Journal titles appearing in more than one language.
Journals appearing in different editions.
Options for journal titles.
Indicate the edition/version being cited after the title if a journal is published in more than one edition or version
Abbreviate each significant word (see Abbreviation rules for editions below) and omit other words, such as articles, conjunctions, and prepositions
Capitalize all words Place the edition statement in parentheses, such as (Br Ed) End the edition statement with a period unless the Type of Medium is includedNon-English words for editions.
Indicate the type of medium (microfiche, ultrafiche, microfilm, microcard, etc.) following the journal title (and edition, if present) when a journal is published in a microform
Place the name of the medium in square brackets and end with a period placed outside the closing bracket, such as [microfiche].
Add information about the medium according to the instructions under Physical DescriptionSee Chapter 16A for journal articles in audiovisual formats, Chapter 19A for articles on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk, and Chapter 23A for articles on the Internet
Both an edition and a type of medium.
End date information with a semicolon unless there is no volume or issue (see No volume or issue follows the date below), then end with a colon
No volume or issue follows the date.
Multiple years, months, or days of publication.
Non-English names for months.
Seasons instead of months.
Options for dates.
End the supplement, part, special number with a colon unless further divisions exist (see Further divisions to supplements, parts, etc. below)
Further divisions to supplements, parts, etc.
Non-English names for supplements, parts, etc., to a date.
Do not follow volume number(s) with any punctuation unless there is no issue number or other subdivision to the volume, then follow with a colon
No volume number present.
Non-English names for volume.
Place parts in parentheses, such as 34(Pt 1); other divisions have no punctuation around them, such as 34 Suppl
End the supplement, part, special number with a colon unless further divisions exist (see Further subdivisions to supplements, parts, etc., to a volume below) or an issue number is present
Further subdivisions to supplements, parts, etc., to a volume.
Non-English names for supplement, part, etc.
End issue information with a colon unless further divisions, such as a supplement or part, exist (see Further subdivisions to supplements, parts, etc., to an issue below)
Further subdivisions to supplements, parts, etc., to an issue.
Non-English names for issue.
No volume number present.
No issue number present.
Options for issues.
Place a supplement, part, special number, or other division to an issue after the issue number and inside the parentheses
Abbreviate these: Suppl, Pt, Spec No Include numbers and letters accompanying them. For example: Pt 1 or Suppl A. Use arabic numbers only. For example: convert Suppl II to Suppl 2.End issue information with a colon unless further divisions exist (see Further subdivisions to supplements, parts, etc., to an issue below)
Non-English names for supplements, parts, etc.
Do not repeat page numbers unless they are followed by a letter. For example: 123-125 becomes 123-5, but 124A-126A is correct.
Include a letter (often S for Supplement or A for Appendix) when it precedes the page number. For example: S10-8.
End pagination information with a periodRoman numerals used as page numbers.
Discontinuous page numbers.
Text such as a discussion, quiz, or author reply to a letter follows the article.
No numbers appear on the pages of the article.
Give information on the location of an article and its physical characteristics when the journal appears in a microform (microfilm, microfiche, etc.). For example: microfiche 2 of 3 microfiche: color, 2 x 4 in.
Language for describing physical characteristics.
Articles appearing in more than one language.
Electronic publication before print.
Article accompanied by a videocassette, CD-ROM, DVD, etc.
Other types of material to include in notes.
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to 3 authors
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to 6 authors
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in a roman alphabet
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Hof H. Candida, Aspergillus und Co., Pathogene Pilze [Candida, aspergillus and company. Pathogenic fungi]. Pharm Unserer Zeit. 2003;32(2):96-103. Abb. 2, Wirkung von AFL-B1 [Figure 2, Effect of AFL-B1]; p. 97. German.
Gruppo di Studio SIAARTI Sicurezza in Anestesia e Terapia Intensiva [SIAARTI Study Group for Safety in Anesthesia and Intensive Care]. Raccomandazioni per il trasporto inter ed intra ospedaliero del paziente critico = Recommendations on the transport of critically ill patients. Minerva Anestesiol. 2006 Oct;72(10):XXXVII-LVII. Tabella 3, Scheda di trasporto; p. XLIV-XLV = Table 3, Record of transport; p. LVI-LVII. Italian, English.
The general format for a reference to an entire journal title, including punctuation:
- for a title continuing to be published:
- for a title that ceased publication:
If a journal is still being published, as shown in the first example, follow volume and date information with a hyphen and three spaces. If a journal has ceased publication, as in example two, separate beginning and ending volume and date information with a hyphen surrounded by a space.
Journals frequently change titles and publishers over time. When citing a journal, always provide information on the latest title and publisher unless you are citing an earlier version. If you wish to cite all volumes for a journal that has changed title, provide a separate citation for each title. For example:
JAMA: the journal of the American Medical Association. Chicago: American Medical Association. Vol. 173, No. 9, 1960 - . Continues: Journal of the American Medical Association.
Journal of the American Medical Association. Chicago: American Medical Association. Vol. 1, No. 8, 1883 - Vol. 173, No. 8, 1960. Continued by: JAMA.
It is not correct to cite it as:
JAMA: the journal of the American Medical Association. Chicago: American Medical Association. Vol. 1, 1883 - .
It is also important to cite the version you saw. Many journal titles with both print and Internet versions do not carry the same exact content. If you viewed a journal title on the Internet, do not cite it as if it were a print one. See Chapter 23B for citing Internet journal titles.
Authoritative information on a journal, in order of preference, may be found on: (1) the title page, (2) cover, and (3) the masthead of journal issues. Running headers or footers may not carry the official title of a journal.
Note that the rules for creating references to journal titles are not the same as the rules for cataloging them. Therefore records found in the NLM LocatorPlus and the NLM Catalog databases will not always agree with the instructions presented here.
Components/elements are listed in the order they should appear in a reference. An R after the component name means that it is required in the citation; an O after the name means it is optional.
Follow a non-English title with a translation when possible; place the translation in square brackets
End the journal title with a period unless an Edition statement or a Type of Medium is included, then use a space
